Post 1 Gen 1

The time between when a drug response is observable and when there is no longer an observable drug effect is called the
Student Response A. onset of action. B. threshold action. C. elimination threshold D. duration of action.
This term refers to how much of a drug must be given to see a desired response.
Student Response A. duration of action B. efficacy C. peak effect D. potency
A drug that occupies a receptor but does not activate the receptor is an:
Student Response A. adjuvant. B. affinitant. C. agonist. D. antagonist.
Before marketing a new drug, the drug company asks the FDA to approve its choice of:
Student Response A. The trade name. B. The generic name. C. The chemical name. D. The code name.
Adverse reactions to drugs occur because:
Student Response A. No drug has only one receptor it binds to. B. They are too pure. C. Metabolizing enzymes systems are poisoned. D. Several drugs can bind to the same cellular site.
Drug A can produce the same effects as Drug B at a lower dose of drug A. Drug A is:
Student Response A. more potent than Drug B. B. more efficacious than Drug B. C. more absorbable than Drug B. D. less likely to cause hypersensitivity responses than drug B.
Most drug work by:
Student Response A. Changing the electrical charge surrounding a cell. B. Preventing other chemicals from attaching to plasma proteins. C. Being taken up into a metabolic pathway instead of an amino acid. D. Binding to a specific receptor on the cell.
General Feedback:		This accounts for the selectivity we see in drugs, acting on some cells and not on others. The binding may activate or inhibit an enzyme, alter cell permeability, or alter the production of a cellular protein.
Recombinant technology is allowing us to:
Student Response A. Manufacture proteins in yeast cells. B. Insert new genes into a patient, whose own genes don't work well. C. Fuse medicines so patients have fewer pills to take. D. Design a drug that fits better with a receptor.
General Feedback:		Hepatitis vaccine is a good example. The DNA that codes for the portion of the hepatitis virus to which we make an immune reponse is inserted in a yeast cell. When the yeast makes protein from it's DNA it makes many copies of the hepatitis protein, which we can inject as a vaccine.

Nicotine induces P-450 enzymes in the liver. An AIDS patient taking a protease inhibitor drug which is metabolized by these enzymes would experience which of the following if they smoked?
Student Response A. Decreased elimination of the protease inhibitor B. Higher blood levels of the protease inhibitor C. Lower blood levels of the protease inhibitor D. Increased distribution of the protease inhibitor

You have a patient with Parkinson's disease, and you want to get more dopamine into the brain. Dopamine is a polar molecule. How can you accomplish this best?
Student Response A. Give lower doses of dopamine to decrease the diffusion gradient into the brain. B. Give a water soluble preparation of dopamine which will cross the blood-brain barrier. C. Give higher doses of dopamine to increase the diffusion gradient into the brain. D. Give a lipid soluble precurser to dopamine which can convert in the brain.
General Feedback:	Charged (polar or water soluble) molecules cannot cross the blood brain barrier. The Parkinson's patient takes levadopa (a lipid soluble precurser to dopamine). After it diffuses across the blood brain barrier, it coverts to dopamine. (You could get into trouble by converting all that dopamine out in the periphery as the blood pressure would sky rocket. Add a peripheral conversion inhibitor (carbidopa) to prevent this. Sinemet is the typical drug taken. It is a combination of levadopa and carbidopa.

The time between when a drug is administered and when there are observable effects is called the
Student Response A. duration of action. B. onset of action. C. peak effect. D. threshold dose.

A drug that occupies and "turns on" a receptor is an:

	Student Response
A.	adjuvant.
B.	affinitant.
C.	antagonist.
D.	agonist.

Drug A can produce the same effects as Drug B at a lower dose of drug A. Drug A is:

Student Response A. more potent than Drug B. B. more efficacious than Drug B. C. more absorbable than Drug B. D. less likely to cause hypersensitivity responses than drug B.

Once a drug's peak effect has been reached, further doses of the drug will increase efficacy.
Student Response Correct Answer Feedback A. true B. false
Which of the following recent advances is most likely to influence future drug development and use?
Student Response A. The discovery of substances secreted by microbes to kill other microbes. B. Our ability to alter the natural biological rhythm. C. Our knowledge of genetic differences between people. D. Our ability to isolate a chemical out of a plant.
General Feedback:	We have been able to isolate compounds out of plants for hundreds of years. Consider getting morphine from opium and digitalis form foxglove. The first antibiotics were discovered in the early 20th century and most/all microbes known to man have already been sceeened for potential new antibiotics. Chronopharmacolgy is a relatively new field but we do not have the ability to alter biological rhythms in a systematic way that could be exploited for drug therapy. In 2000 with the completion of the human genome project our knowledge of genetics is enabling us to customize drug therapy. This is anticipated to really change the way drugs are developed and used.

You have a patient with meningitis, an inflammation of the brain covering. How can you get antibiotics to cross the blood brain barrier?
Student Response A. Use antibiotics that are not metabolized by the liver. B. Administer the antibiotics subcutaneously so there is a prolonged duration of action. C. Give large water soluble antibiotics. D. They can already cross because inflammation opens pores.
General Feedback:	Inflammation opens the tight juction between endothelial cells in the brain allowing the antibiotics to enter.

Thanks Lily for the extra questions!!



"Potency" refers to:

A. The severity of side effects.
B. The dose required to achieve therapeutic effect.
C. How quickly the drug will work.
D. Whether the drug will work.
6.


Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to measure efficacy of a drug?

A. Analyzing chemically the ingredients of the drug for impurities.
B. Asking clients if their symptoms were relieved after taking the drug.
C. Observing clients for harmful side effects while being treated with the drug.
D. Testing blood samples for concentration of the drug after the drug has been given.